Notes

Outline

The Process HI’s PBPV System - converts waste streams in a  highly reducing environment (absence of air) converting organic material into useful gases, and inorganics into a vitrified aggregate (glass) that is non-toxic, non-leachable, and  non-hazardous. The most unique aspect of HI’s PBPV System is the ability to easily surpass incineration destruction levels without  the pollution inherent in the combustion process or have hazardous residues leftover from the process. HI’s PBPV System is electrically-driven and relies on       pyrolysis/vitrification (as opposed to combustion).  This technology is acceptable where incineration would never be allowed, such as metropolitan areas in California and Indiana .

Definitions PLASMA - a hot ionized gas made up                          of ions and electrons that is found in                          the sun, stars, and fusion reactors Plasma is the “fourth state”                                                  of matter and the most                                               plentiful “state” of the universe. Lighting is plasma, as is the                                         aurora borealis or northern lights PYROLYSIS - the chemical changes                  brought about by heat.  At high                             temperatures, organic compounds                  dissociate into elements and simple            compounds, mainly hydrogen (a gas)                        and carbon (a solid)

Definitions - 2 VITRIFICATION - the melting of inorganic elements and compounds to form a glassy/ceramic material   that absorbs metals GASIFICATION - A synonym for  pyrolysis, but includes the controlled (limited) addition of oxidants    to  convert residual carbon (a solid) to carbon monoxide (a gas) METAL RECOVERY - the recovery of metal from selected waste streams via a melting/smelting   process SYNGAS - A "synthetic" gas composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, with an energy content of 300-400 Btu/scf

Temperature Comparisons Existing Technologies    Plasma Pyrolysis -          28,000oF               3,200oF              NO    Incinerators (MED) -         2,400oF               1,900oF            Y E S    Incinerators (WTE) -         2,400oF               1,800oF            Y E S    Incinerators (HAZ) -          2,400oF               2,300oF            Y E S    Autoclaves -                          325oF                  325oF            Y E S    Cement kilns -                   3,400oF               2,200oF            Y E S    Microwaves -                        212oF                  205oF            Y E S Chamber Temperatures - in incinerators, autoclaves,  cement kilns and microwaves are sometimes greater         than above - but not for a sustainable period of time. Air Emissions – from HI’s PBPV Systems are from                1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than most hazardous    waste incinerators.

PEAT’s Thermal Destruction & Recovery System  Powered by a plasma-arc torch   An electrotechnology   Variable high/controlled temperature   Intense, low-mass heat   Converts electrical energy to heat energy  Gasifies organic materials  Vitrifies inorganic materials  Recovers, Recycles or Reuses the Residue

Gasification of Organic Materials Product of plasma gasification is a syngas, dominated by hydrogen and carbon monoxide Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride (HCl) which is neutralized   in scrubber Cleaned Syngas is available for use as clean fuel chemical feedstock Plasma units can achieve or exceed a destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of 99.99% for handling organic compounds

Recovery of Organics = Energy The energy contained in solid/liquid               waste material is converted to the               energy found in Syngas This syngas can be used in a variety                  of applications:    Generate steam (steam boilers)    Generate electricity (micro-turbines or fuel cells)    Fuel for transportation (methanol production)    Heating & Cooling (absorption chillers)

Vitrification of Inorganic Materials Glass and ceramic compounds are formed    by melting and mixing various inorganic materials Glass and ceramic solids are highly resistant  to leaching, and can usually be used for construction aggregate

Recovery of Inorganics = Products The solid waste material is converted into            a glassy slag This glassy slag can be used in a variety of applications: Raw material for art work   Pottery, paper weights, figurines & novelties Parking lot stops, park benches,                        fence posts & highway dividers Building blocks/bricks   Decorative tiles Roadbed filler Landscaping Aggregate for building material

Metal Recovery and Recycling When certain metals are present in large quantities they can be recovered in a smelting process and reused Glass layer may be used as a floating cap     on the molten metal Some metals are volatile at                          high temperatures and                             require filtration and                                removal in the gas                                treatment system

Air Emissions  (compared to incineration) PBPV ADVANTAGE:  (DRE) - destruction of organic material is more complete, due to exposure to constant high temperatures PBPV ADVANTAGE:  (dioxins & furans) - formation of dioxins and furans is less, due to lack of oxygen and rapid cooling of gases,   and total reduction of chlorine to HCl PBPV ADVANTAGE:  (chlorinated hydrocarbons) - formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons is less, due to the rapid cooling of gases, and total reduction of chlorine to HCl